Relationships of Parental Involvement to Students’ Mathematics Attitude and Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11594/Keywords:
Mathematics attitude, Parental involvement, Performance, RelationshipsAbstract
Parental involvement remains an underexplored factor in understanding students’ attitudes and performance in mathematics at the tertiary level. This study aimed to explore the relationships of parental involvement to students’ mathematics attitude and performance. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered from 142 first-year students at Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial State College of Agriculture and Technology (DEBESMSCAT) Cawayan Campus through the Parental Involvement Scale and the Students’ Attitude Towards Mathematics Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that parental involvement among respondents was at a moderate level (M=12.81), students exhibited a neutral attitude towards mathematics (M=3.31), and their performance in the subject was good (M = 87.8). The analysis did not reveal a significant correlation between the level of parental involvement and students’ attitudes towards mathematics ( p= .41). However, a significant positive correlation was identified between parental involvement and students’ performance in mathematics ( .23, p= .01). In light of these findings, the study suggests that to improve students' performance in mathematics, parents may adopt a supportive role that also encourages independence. Educators are encouraged to implement engaging, student-centered teaching methods, while schools should enhance communication and involvement initiatives between parents and teachers. Future research is recommended to explore additional factors that may affect students’ attitudes and academic success in mathematics.
Downloads
References
Abay-Abay, L., Badion, W., Lopez, J., Mangahas, M., Ramiro, A. & Sengco, B. S. (2024). Pa-rental Involvement and Its Effect on Col-lege Students’ Academic Motivation and Self-Concept. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18(3), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10871487
Alabi, O., & Bukola, T. (2023). Introduction to Descriptive Statistics. In Recent Advances in Biostatistics. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002475
Anabo, R. O. (2023). Correlates of mathematics performance of grade 9 learners in sec-ondary schools division of Eastern Samar amidst pandemic. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 9(6), 343-354. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra13649
Alorki, I., Tahiru, A. W., & Tahiru, R. (2024). Exploring impact of student attitude, pa-rental involvement, and teacher compe-tence on mathematics performance in se-lected schools in Northern Ghana. Journal of Mathematics and Science Teacher, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.29333/mathsciteacher/14251
Anino, A. (2015). Self-Concept as a Correlate of Secondary School Students Academic Performance in Mathematics. Interna-tional Journal of Education and Practice, 3(7), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61/2015.3.7./61.7.235.240
Akpuokwe, C. U., Bakare, S. S., Eneh, N. E., & Adeniyi, A. O. (2024). Parental involve-ment laws in child education: a USA and African review. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 6(3), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v6i3.849
Arhin, D., & Yanney, E. G. (2020). Relationship between students’ interest and academic performance in mathematics: A study of Agogo State College. Global Scientific Journals, 8(6), 389-396.
Arshad, M., Shahzadi, E., & Mahmood, A. (2016). Parents involvement at university level education: students’ perception in under developing country. European Sci-entific Journal, 12(22). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n22p294
Assefa, A., & Sintayehu, B. (2019). Relationship between Parental Involvement and Stu-dents' Academic Achievement in Model Primary and Secondary School of Ha-ramaya University, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Interna-tional Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 7(2), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.7n.2p.46
Bhatia, S., & Babu, N. (2021). Parental in-volvement in the career decision making of adolescent girls. Journal of Applied Re-search in Humanities, Language and So-cial Sciences, 1(1), 111-120.
Bacskai, K., Alter, E., Dan, B. A., Vályogos, K., & Pusztai, G. (2024). Positive or negative and general or differentiated effect? Cor-relation between parental involvement and student achievement. Education Sci-ences, 14(9), 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14090941
Benner, A. D., Boyle, A. E., & Sadler, S. (2016). Parental Involvement and Adolescents' Educational Success: The Roles of Prior Achievement and Socioeconomic Status. Journal of youth and adolescence, 45(6), 1053–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0431-4
Boonk, L., Gijselaers, H. J. M., Ritzen, H., & Brand-Gruwel, S. (2018). A review of the relationship between parental involve-ment indicators and academic achieve-ment. Educational Research Review, 24, 10–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.02.001
Brezavšček, A., Jerebic, J., Rus, G., & Žnidaršič, A. (2020). Factors influencing mathemat-ics achievement of university students of social sciences. Mathematics, 8(12), 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8122134
Bunijevac, M. (2017). Parental involvement as an important factor for successful educa-tion. Center for Educational Policy Stud-ies Journal, 7(3), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.291
Calib-og, J. N., & Cabigas, M. E. A. (2023). Pa-rental involvement and academic per-formance of learners. International Jour-nal of Research Publications, 131(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001311820235392
Caparroso, C. L., & Nobis, M. J (2024). Bridging the gap: Examining parental involvement strategies and their impact on homework completion rates in mathematics. Alifmat-ika: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Matematika, 6(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.35316/alifmatika.2024.v6i1.1-13
Caputol, A. R., & Chan, L. V. (2024). Attitude towards Mathematics as a Mediator in the Relationship between Motivated Strate-gies for Learning and Anxiety. Journal Healthcare Treatment Development, 45, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.55529/jhtd.45.1.13
Castro, M., Expósito-Casas, E., López-Martín, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencio, E., & Gaviria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A me-ta-analysis. Educational Research Re-view, 14, 33–46. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.01.002
Corcoro, L. A. R. (2025). Parental Involvement in Follow–Up Learning Activities Relates to the Children’s English Language Skills Among Grade III pupils in the District of Castillejos, Division of Zambales, SY 2015–2016. International Journal of Mul-tidisciplinary: Applied Business and Edu-cation Research, 6(10), 1-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.06.10.25
Corda, G. C. (2025). Optimizing Mathematics learning: the role of teaching strategies and student’s interests in performance. Journal of Education Society and Behav-ioural Science, 38(1), 82–100. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2025/v38i11371
Darlow, V., Norvilitis, J. M., & Schuetze, P. (2017). The relationship between heli-copter parenting and adjustment to col-lege. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2291–2298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0751-3
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M., (2022). Self-determination theory. In F. Maggino (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 1–7). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2630-2
Deslandes, R., & Barma, S. (2016). Revisiting the Challenges Linked to Parenting and Home–School Relationships at the High School Level. Canadian Journal of Educa-tion Revue Canadienne De l’éducation, 39(4), 1–32. Retrieved from https://cje-rce.ca/index.php/cje-rce/article/view/2271
Din, N. M., Ayub, A. F. M., & Tarmizi, R. A. (2016). Influence of parental involvement and peer support on mathematics en-gagement among Malaysian secondary school students. Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 10, 175-185.
Dungca, J. L., Agbayani, G. Y., Muñoz, A. L. G., Carreon, B. M. D., Antonio, F. D., Tiqui, J. A. S., ... & Galang, J. R. F. (2024). Parental involvement in curricular performance of students at risk. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(6), 2258-2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.06.27
Epstein, J. L., Sanders, M. G., Sheldon, S. B., Si-mon, B. S., Salinas, K. C., Jansorn, N. R., ... & Williams, K. J. (2018). School, family, and community partnerships: Your hand-book for action. Corwin Press.
Erol, Y. C., & Turhan, M. (2018). The relation-ship between parental involvement to education of students and student’s en-gagement to school. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(5), 260–281. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2018.05.017
Esteban, Z. (2024). Parental involvement and students' academic performance: Basis for an intervention program. SSRN Elec-tronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5001607
García, V. T., Fernández, B. G., & Gallardo, J. R. (2017). Home-based family involvement and academic achievement: a case study in primary education. Educational Stud-ies, 44(3), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2017.1373636
Gusmão, A. S., Gaudêncio, A. C. F., Júnior, J. B. da S., & Gaudêncio, R. N. F. (2024). Math anxiety. Journal of Interdisciplinary De-bates. https://doi.org/10.51249/jid.v5i02.2063
Hanif, F., & Alwi, S. K. K. (2019). Impact of pa-rental involvement on academic perfor-mance of students. Journal of Education and Practice, 10(12), 106-111. https://doi.org/10.7176/JEP/10-12-13
Häsä, J., Westlin, L. & Rämö, J. Undergraduate students’ attitudes towards mathematical proving in an introduction to proof course. Educ Stud Math 114, 393–415 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-023-10239-8
Hernández-Padilla, E., Bazán-Ramírez, A., Ba-zán-Ramírez, W., & Solano-Gutierrez, J. (2023). Parental participation and par-ents’ support: effects on mathematics achievement, 2018 national assessment of learning, Mexico. Frontiers in Psychol-ogy, 14, 1154470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154470
Hidayatullah, A., & Csíkos, C. (2024). The role of students’ beliefs, parents' educational level, and the mediating role of attitude and motivation in students’ mathematics achievement. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 33(2), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00724-2
Huang, F., Huang, Z., Li, Z., & Zhang, M. (2021). Relationship between Parental Involve-ment and Mathematics Achievement of Chinese Early Adolescents: Multiple Me-diating Roles of Mental Health and Math-ematics Self-Efficacy. International Jour-nal of Environmental Research and Pub-lic Health, 18(18), 9565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189565
Iddrisu, A. B., Bornaa, C. S., Alagbela, A. A., Kwakye, D. O., Gariba, A., Ahusah, E. T. W., & Badger, T. N. A. (2023). Students’ characteristics and academic perfor-mance in mathematics. Journal of Educa-tion, Society and Behavioural Science, 36(3), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2023/v36i31214
Hwang, S., & Son, T. (2021). Students' Attitude toward Mathematics and Its Relationship with Mathematics Achievement. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 8(3), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.509.2021.83.272.280
Jameson, M. M., & Fusco, B. R. (2014). Math anxiety, math self-concept, and math self-efficacy in adult learners compared to traditional undergraduate students. Adult Education Quarterly, 64(4), 306–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713614541461
Jeynes, W. H. (2016). Parental involvement and student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Urban Education, 51(1), 33-73.
Jiang Q, Shi L, Zheng D and Mao W (2023) Pa-rental homework involvement and stu-dents' mathematics achievement: a meta-analysis. Front. Psychol. 14:1218534. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218534
Juguilon, I. D. (2023). Impact of family support system in the academic performance of Grade 3 pupils at a public elementary school in Rizal, Philippines. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 4(1), 174-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.04.01.16
Kantova, K. (2024). Parental involvement and education outcomes of their children. Applied Economics, 56(48), 5683–5698. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2314569
Kosiol, T., Rach, S., & Ufer, S. (2019). (Which) mathematics interest is important for a successful transition to a university study program? International Journal of Sci-ence and Mathematics Education, 17, 1359-1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-018-9925-8
Kumah, M. S., & Wonu, N. (2022). Factors af-fecting the mathematics learning out-come of underachieving students at Col-leges of Education. Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Journal of Mathematics, and Science Education, 3(2), 1–10. Re-trieved from https://www.fnasjournals.com/index.php/FNAS-JMSE/article/view/51
Kunwar, R. (2020). The Effect of Demographic Variables on Secondary Level Students' Attitude towards Mathematics in Nepal. Researcher: A Research Journal of Cul-ture and Society, 4(1), 7-29. https://doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v4i1.33710
Lara, L., & Saracostti, M. (2019). Effect of pa-rental involvement on children’s academ-ic achievement in Chile. Frontiers in psy-chology, 10, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01464
Lerner, R. E., Grolnick, W. S., Caruso, A. J., & Levitt, M. R. (2022). Parental involvement and children’s academics: The roles of autonomy support and parents’ motiva-tion for involvement. Contemporary Edu-cational Psychology, 68, 102039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.102039
Leyva, E., Walkington, C., Perera, H., & Ber-nacki, M. (2022). Making mathematics relevant: An examination of student in-terest in mathematics, interest in STEM careers, and perceived relevance. Inter-national Journal of Research in Under-graduate Mathematics Education, 8(3), 612-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40753-021-00159-4
Mazana, M. Y., Montero, C. S., & Casmir, R. (2018). Investigating Students’ Attitude towards Learning Mathematics. Journal on Mathematics Education, 14(1), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.29333/IEJME/3997
McNeal Jr, R. B. (2014). Parent Involvement, Academic Achievement and the Role of Student Attitudes and Behaviors as Medi-ators. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2(8), 564-576. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2014.020805
Mutodi, P., & Ngirande, H. (2014). The impact of parental involvement on student per-formance: a case study of a South African secondary school. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(8), 279-289. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n8p279
Nora’asikin Abu Bakar, A. F., Ayub, M., Ahmad, N. A., & Abdullah, S. I. S. S. (2021). Math-ematics achievement: The relationship
between student engagement, parental involvement, and peer influence. Interna-tional Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(5), 496-513. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/V11-I5/9973
Núñez, J. C., Suárez, N., Rosário, P., Vallejo, G., Valle, A., & Epstein, J. L. (2015). Relation-ships between perceived parental in-volvement in homework, student home-work behaviors, and academic achieve-ment: differences among elementary, jun-ior high, and high school students. Meta-cognition and learning, 10, 375-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-015-9135-5
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). PISA 2022 results (Volume I): The state of learning and eq-uity in education. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Son, D., & Nelson, L. J. (2019). Profiles of helicopter parenting, parental warmth, and psychological con-trol during emerging adulthood. Emerg-ing Adulthood, 9(2), 216–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696818823626
Palmwood, E. (2024). Student-Teacher Alli-ance Buffers Against the Impact of Mod-erate Math Anxiety on Course Perfor-mance among College Students. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learn-ing, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v24i1.34930
Queirós, A., Faria, D., & Almeida, F. (2017). Strengths and limitations of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Eu-ropean Journal of Education Studies. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.887089
Robinson, K., & Harris, A. L. (2014). The bro-ken compass: Parental involvement with children's education. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 23. 10.1007/s10826-014-0030-5.
Rodrigo, D. B., & Prudente, P. R. (2024). Aca-demic achievement of college students in mathematics in the modern world in the changing normal. International Journal of Social Science, Management and Eco-nomics Research, 2(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.61421/IJSSMER.2024.2201
Sabanal, D. A., Gako, M. M., Dela Torre, H. M., Sabanal, J. A., So, R. B., Bacal, J. B., Corgio, L. D., Laroga, J. F., Camallere, C., Pagador, M. J., Barino, R. J., Mameng, K., Go, M., & Goles, N. A. (2024). Predictive model for college students’ performance in higher mathematics. Social Sciences & Humani-ties Open, 10, 101134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101134
Saha, M., Islam, S., Akhi, A. A., & Saha, G. (2024). Factors affecting success and failure in higher education mathematics: Students' and teachers' perspectives. Heliyon, 10(7), e29173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29173
Santillan, J. K. T., & Bearneza, F. J. D. (2023). Extent of parent’s involvement and levels of attitude and achievement of students in mathematics. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 06(02). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i2-45
Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The Effects of Helicopter Parenting on College Stu-dents’ Well-Being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & analge-sia, 126(5), 1763-1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
Shakya, S., & Maharjan, R. (2023). Students’ Attitude towards Mathematics and its Re-lationship with Mathematics Achieve-ment. Mangal Research Journal, 4(01), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.3126/mrj.v4i01.61718
Szczygieł, M. (2023). The psychometric prop-erties of the mathematics attitude scale for adults (MASA). Current Psychology, 42(21), 18447-18458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02980-9
Tahar, N. F., Ismail, Z., Zamani, N. D., & Adnan, N. (2010). Students’ attitude toward mathematics: The use of factor analysis in determining the criteria. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 476-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.065
Tang, T. T., & Tran, D. H. T. (2023). Parental influence on high school students’ math-ematics performance in Vietnam. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(4), em2249. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/13068
Umac, N. L., Panara-Ag, D. S., & Yurango, C. P. (2025). The Relationship between Stu-dents’ Attitudes towards Mathematics and Academic Performance in the Sub-ject. Asian Journal of Education and So-cial Studies, 51(8), 709–719. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2025/v51i82271
Vargas-Sánchez, A., Plaza-Mejía, M.Á., Porras-Bueno, N. (2016). Attitude. In: Jafari, J., Xiao, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01384-8_11
Vasquez, A. G., & Vasquez, A. G., (2022). Pa-rental Involvement and Students’ Atti-tude: It’s Influence on Students’ Achieve-ment in Mathematics in the Modular Dis-tance Learning. 10. 1-9.
Villegas, C. T., Estopa, M. M. J. S., Lagat, R. A., & Miranda, A. T. (2024). Problem-Solving Appraisals as Predictors of Mathematics Performance among College Students. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 50(10), 362–372. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i101626
Weintraub, D. S., & Sax, L. J. (2018). The Rela-tionship Between Student–Parent Com-munication and First-Year Academic Per-formance. The Journal of the National Academic Advising Association, 38(1), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.12930/NACADA-16-045
Wilder, S. (2014). Effects of parental involve-ment on academic achievement: a meta-synthesis. Educational Review, 66(3), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2013.780009
Yonson, D. L. (2016). Level of Parent Involve-ment in the Elementary and Secondary Levels. The Normal Lights, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v10i1.178
Zhang, W., & Bao, W. (2024). A study on the influences of parental involvement on the adaptation of college freshmen. Asia Pa-cific Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-024-09989-8
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Richel B. Rabas Rabas, Rocel A. Turco, Ramir G. Pacheco
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See the Effect of Open Access).
