Learning Module: Its Effects on Learning Competencies in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao 2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11594/Keywords:
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao, Learning competencies, Learning moduleAbstract
This study determined the effectiveness of the learning module (LM) and the enhancement of the learning competencies of Grade 2 pupils in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP), in Naga Central School I, School Year 2023-2024. The descriptive-comparative method was used. There were 30 Grade 2 pupils in Naga Central School 1 who were involved in the study. Researcher-made test and evaluation-checklist were used to gather data. Mean, Standard deviation, Weighted Mean, Proficiency Level, t-test for dependent samples, and Cohen’s d were used to treat the data gathered.
Conclusion drawn were: (1) the status of Learning Competencies of Grade 2 pupils in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP) along the K-12 Curriculum Guide showed Approaching Proficiency; (2) the design of the learning module played a crucial role in fostering an engaging and comprehensive educational experience; (3) the crafted learning module had a very high validity in terms of face, construct, and content; (4) the implementation of the learning module in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP) significantly enhanced pupil performance; (5) there was a significant difference between the pretest and post-tests of the pupils in Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP); and (6) the learning module was effective in developing the competencies of Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (EsP) for Quarter 2.
Downloads
References
Abouchacra, S. (2021). Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic." Applied Drug Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs: Formerly Applied Clinical Re-search, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Af-fairs 8, no. 1 (2021): 70-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/2213476X07999200918180556.
Anderson, D. J. (2016). Circuit modules linking internal states and social behaviour in flies and mice." Nature Reviews Neurosci-ence 17, no. 11 (2016): 692-704.
Benito, S. M., Bantulo, J. S. & Haudar, F. S. (2022). Effectiveness of self-learning modules (SLM) in teaching mathematics 3." International Journal of Recent Re-search in Thesis and Dissertation 3, no. 1 (2022): 33-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6497186.
Bhandari, P. (2022). Construct Validity | Defi-nition, Types, & Examples. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/construct-validity
Calot, E. P., Ierache, J. S., & Waldo H. (2020). Robustness of keystroke dynamics identi-fication algorithms against brain-wave
variations associated with emotional var-iations." In Intelligent Systems and Appli-cations: Proceedings of the 2019 Intelli-gent Systems Conference (IntelliSys) Vol-ume 1, pp. 194-211. Springer Interna-tional Publishing, 2020.
Canonizado, I. C. (2021). When to use total population sampling in a research study.
https://discover.hubpages.com/educaion.
Chen, Y. L. (2019). Exploring the Effects of Multimedia Learning Modules on Math Skills in Grade 2 Students. DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.003.
Cortas Jr., J. E. (2021). Competency-Based Supplementary Learning Modules in Grade 4 Mathematics in the New Normal. Unpublished Thesis in Naga College Foundation. P. 21.
Cobanbana, L. L. O. & Pañaresb, N. C. (2023). Utilization of Self-Learning Modules and Pupils’ Academic Performance during the Transition Period." Utilization of Self-Learning Modules and Pupils’ Academic Performance during the Transition Peri-od 125, no. 1 (2023): 9-9. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net.
Colby, R. L. (2017). Competency-based educa-tion: A new architecture for K-12 school-ing. Harvard Education Press, 2017. https://books.google.com.ph/.
Columbano, Claudio (2019). Measuring fiscal guidance transparency." Public Sector Economics 46, no. 2 (2022): 261-296.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Re-search design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.) Sage Publications,
Cubillas, T. (2018). Development and valida-tion of strategic intervention materials (sims) in teaching elementary English 4-content validation." International Journal of Development Research 8, no. 06 (2018): 21252-21259. Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/.
Dagoc, R. R. & Oco, R. H. (2024). Pupils’ study habits and academic performance. Inter-national Journal of Multidisciplinary Re-search and Analysis, vol. 07(03). Doi: 10.47191/ijmra/v7-i03.
DeLorenzo, M., Vasudev G., & Rajendran, J. (2024). Creativeval: Evaluating creativity of llm-based hardware code generation." In 2024 IEEE LLM Aided Design Work-shop (LAD), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/LAD62341.2024.10691798
Department of Education. (n.d.). Mission, Vi-sion, Core Values, and Mandate. Re-trieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/about-deped/vision-mission-core-values-and-mandate/.
DepEd Order No. 018 series 2020. Policy Guidelines for the Provision of the Learn-ing Resources in the Implementation of the Basic Education Learning Continuity Plan. Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/ in February 8, 2025.
DepEd Order NO. 39 series 2015. Policy Guide-lines on Addressing Learning Gaps and Implementing a Reading and Writing Program in Secondary Schools Effective School Year (SY) 2012-2013. Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/.
Editorial Team (2023). Content Validity Exam-ples (With Definition and Industries). Re-trieved from https://ca.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/content-validity-examples.
Elias, M., Kamil, T., & Bergese, S. D. (2023). The validity and applications of the anal-gesia nociception index: a narrative re-view. Frontiers in Surgery 10 (2023).
Faye, I. & Gueye, M. (2022). Blended Learning in Senegal." Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2022): 1-5. DOI: 10.36348/sjhss. 2022.v07i01.001.
Gabriel, R. & López, F. (2022). The role of as-set-based pedagogy in an interactive view of reading." Educational Psychologist 59, no. 4 (2024): 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2024.2394031.
Gallardo, C. (2021). Development and Valida-tion of Self-Learning Module in Horticul-ture Production: A Tool for Development and Validation of Self-Learning Module. Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://eprajournals.com/IJSR/article/5276.
Garin, M. A. S. (2017). Worktext As Supple-mental Material in Improving Mathemat-ics. Performance of Grade 9 Learn-ers. Worktext as Supplemental Material in Improving Mathematics. Performance of Grade 9 Learners, 105(1), 10-10.
Glossary of Education Reform (2015). Student engagement. Last updated:(2018, Febru-ary 16). 2014.
Gossett-Webb, S. (2023). Face Validity, defini-tion, and significance. Retrieved from https://study.com/learn/lesson/face-validity-definition-examples.html.
Goulet-Pelletier, J.C., & Cousineau, D. (2018). A review of effect sizes and their confi-dence intervals, Part 1: The Co-hen’s d family. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 14(4), 242–265. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.14.4.p242
Hain, J. F., Black, W. C. Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Analysis (8th ed.). https://www.scrip.org/reference/referencepapers?referenceid=3504987.
Haryono, A. & Adam, C. (2017). The Implemen-tation of Mini-Research Project to Train Undergraduate Students' Scientific Writ-ing and Communication Skills." no. 2 (2021): 159-170. Retrieved from https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/eduman/article/view/35764.
Heale, R. & Twycross, A. (2018). Validity and reliability in quantitative stud-ies. Evidence-based nursing vol. 18,3 (2015): 66-7. doi:10.1136/eb-2015-102129
Heick, M. A. (2016). Continuing education im-pact evaluation." The Journal of Continu-ing Education in Nursing 12, no. 4 (1981): 15-23. https://doi.org/10.3928/0022-0124-19810701-04.
Henri, M., Johnson, M. D. & Bimal Nepal (2017). A review of competency‐based learning: Tools, assessments, and rec-ommendations." Journal of engineering education 106, no. 4 (2017): 607-638. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20180.
Homillano, L. (2023). Development and Vali-dation of an Instructional Module in Sci-ence, Technology, and Society (STS) in the Tertiary Education Curricu-lum. Technology, and Society (STS) in the Tertiary Education Curriculum (July 7, 2023). Homillano (2023): 41-52. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4507299.
Houghton, R. (2023). Investigating the for-mation and properties of multiple star systems using Monte Carlo models." PhD diss., University of Sheffield, 2023. oai: etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:33693.
Hussain, I. (2020). Effect of Bloom’s mastery learning approach on students’ academic achievement in English at secondary lev-el." Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics 23 (2016): 35-43. ISSN 2422-8435 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.23, 2016.
Irunifard, E. & Roudsari, R. L. (2022). Compar-ative research: an old yet unfamiliar method. Journal of Midwifery and Repro-ductive Health, vol. 10(3).
Istyarini, I., Wahzudik, N., Wardi, W., Nurussaádah, N., & Christian, C. (2021). Validation of reflective model curriculum evaluation instruments. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Manage-ment, Sao Paolo, Brazil, April 5-8, 2021. http://www.leomsociety.org.
Johnson, A. M. (2015). The Impact of Interac-tive Learning Modules on Grade 2 Stu-dents' Reading Comprehension. DOI: 10.1177/019394808601000105.
Kennedy, T. J. & Sundberg, C. W. (2019). 21st century skills." Science education in theo-ry and practice: An introductory guide to learning theory (2020): 479-496. Science Education in Theory and Practice. Springer Texts in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43620-9_32.
Khalil, M. K., Nelson, L. D. & Kibble, J. D. (2021). The use of self‐learning modules to facilitate learning of basic science con-cepts in an integrated medical curricu-lum." Anatomical sciences education 3, no. 5 (2021): 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.177.
Lee, C. K. (2018). Impact of Differentiated Learning Modules on Science Under-standing in Grade 2. DOI: 10.1080/02667363.2015.1043310.
Letina, A. (2020). Development of students’ learning to learn competence in primary science." Education sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10110325.
Lynn, A., Wilkey, E. D., & Price, G. R. (2022). Predicting children’s math skills from task-based and resting-state functional brain connectivity." Cerebral Cortex 32, no. 19 (2022): 4204-4214. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab476.
Maliga, M.G. (2018). Content validity and effec-tiveness of supplemental learning mate-rials in mathematics." A Research Funded by Basic Education Research Fund (BERF), DepEd-Regional Office, Carpenter Hill, Koronadal City, Region XII, Philip-pines (2018).
Martinez, B. R. (2016). Evaluating the Use of Mobile Learning Modules for Language Development in Grade 2. DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2014.00001.
McCombes, S. (2022). Descriptive research design, definition, methods and exam-ples.Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.co.uk.
Middleton, J. W., Tran, Y., Lo, C., & Craig, A. (2016). Reexamining the validity and di-mensionality of the Moorong self-efficacy scale: improving its clinical utili-ty. Archives of physical medicine and re-habilitation 97, no. 12 (2016): 2130-2136.
Moradas, J. D., Socubas, F. B., Bacasmas, V. M. R., Arquilita, S. G.L. & Cortes, S. T. (2024). Development and validation of a concept inventory test in photosynthesis for jun-ior high school students." JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) 10, no. 3 (2024): 898-908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v10i3.36634.
Morelos, C. G. (2021). Construct validity of a scale to measure the job satisfaction of professors at public universities in cen-tral Mexico during COVID-19." Trilogía Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad 13, no. 25 (2021).
Musah, M. B., Tahir, L. M., Al-Hudawi, S. N .V., & Issah, M. (2022). Testing content validi-ty of teacher=made test: profiling teacher perceptions and demographic variables. International Journal of Evaluation and Research Education (IJERE), vol. 11(3). Doi: 10.11591/ijere.v11i2.21992.
Padmapriya, P.V. (2015). Effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules on Achievement in Bi-ology Among Secondary School Students: A Tool on the Effectivity of Self-Learning Module on Achievement. Retrieved June 2, 2015, from https://ijepr.org/panel/assets/papers/179ij12.pdf.
Pakyo, E. F. (2021). The Effectiveness of Self-Learning Modules on the Retention of Learning Among Grade 7 Students in MAPEH of Mountain Province General Comprehensive High School: A Tool on the Effectiveness of Self-Learning Mod-ules on the Retention of Learning. Re-trieved August 8, 2021, from http://www.ijisrt.com/931.
Patino, C. M. & Ferreira, J. C. (2018). Internal and external validity: can you apply re-search study results to your pa-tients?." Jornal brasileiro de pneumolo-gia 44, no. 03 (2018): 183-183. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816c749f.
Patino, C. M. (2018). Inclusion and exclusion criteria in research studies: definitions and why they matter. Journal Brasileiro de Pneumological 44 (2018): 84-84.
Patino, C. M. & Ferreira, J.C. (2018). Internal and external validity: can you apply re-search study results to your patients? J Bras Pneumol. 2018 May-Jun;44(3):183. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37562018000000164. PMID: 30043882; PMCID: PMC6188693.
Perez, J., Eden, B., & Alovera, J. (2020). Valida-tion and Utilization of a Developed Con-textualized Learning Module for Science Five. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/ in Feb-ruary 8, 2025.
Pingil, N. P. (2022). Development and Valida-tion of Instructional Modules in Enhanc-ing the Study and Thinking Skills of Learners. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(9), 2-20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7011370.
Quarles, C. (2020). Systemic Inequality, Tech-nological Innovation, and the Limits of Human Understanding." PhD diss., 2020. DOI. https://dx.doi.org/10.7302/8436.
Rahmawati, R., Fitria L., & Umam, R. (2019). Analysis of the effectiveness of learning in the use of learning modules against student learning outcomes." Desimal: Jurnal Matematika 2, no. 3 (2019): 233-240. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/djm.v2i3.4557.
Remorosa, M. M. R. & Paglinawan, J. L. (2023). Collaborative Expertise and Professional Competence on School-Based Manage-ment Implementation of Teach-ers." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 7, no. 11 (2024): 236-245. DOI - http://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2024.71121.
Rogayan Jr., D. V. (2019). Development and Validation of Physical Science Workbook for Senior High School." Science Educa-tion International 30, no. 4 (2019): 284-290.
Roque, J. P. (2022). Modular distance learning in the area of education during the new normal: A systematic review." AIDE In-terdisciplinary Research Journal 3 (2022): 253-268. https://doi.org/10.56648/aide-irj.v3i1.67.
Rosli, R., Abdullah, M., Nur C. S., Nurul S. A. H., Sabirin, A., Gan K. B., Lilia, et al. (2020). Student Awareness of Space Science: Rasch Model Analysis for Validity and Re-liability." World Journal of Education 10, no. 3 (2020): 170-177.
Sarikas, C. (2020). Vygotsky Scaffolding: What It Is and How to Use It. Retrieved from https://blog.prepscholar.com/.
Schimizzi, A. J. (2023). Enhancement of re-search library print material through the use of component cataloging: An oclc us-er's perspective." Cataloging & classifica-tion quarterly 38, no. 1 (2004): 65-86.
Serrano, D., David C., Husereau, D., Bellinda King-K., Tito Mendoza, Salmonson, To-mas, Arthur Stone et al. (2024). Adminis-tering selected subscales of patient-
reported outcome questionnaires to re-duce patient burden and increase rele-vance: a position statement on a modular approach." Quality of Life Research 33, no. 4 (2024): 1075-1084.
Sireci, S. G. & Rodriguez, G. (2022). Validity in Educational Testing." Validity in Educa-tional Testing (2022).
Sirisuthi, C. & Chantarasombat, C. (2021). De-velopment on the Learning Module of School-Based Supervision Course for Master Degree Students, Majoring Educa-tional Administration in Thai-land." International Journal of Higher Ed-ucation 10, no. 4 (2021): 21-31. Re-trieved from https://eric.ed.gov/.
Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliabil-ity in qualitative research. Evidence-based nursing 18, no. 2 (2015): 34-35.
Tabuena, A. C., Tabuena, Y. M. H., Lauber, O. & Rochina, A. G. C. (2020). "An Examination of the Effects of a Research-Based In-structional Model on Students’ Critical Thinking Abilities in an Introductory Sci-ence Course." http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/IJRISE.
Tacitten, S., Thomas, K., & Storper, M. (2021). The transformative effects of tacit tech-nological knowledge." (2023). DOI.
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/120154.
Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology: how to choose a sampling technique for research. Interna-tional Journal of Academic Research in Management, vol. 5(2).
Talika, A.I., Salapuddin, R., Aksan, J.A., Rahim-ulla, R.J., Ismael, A., Jimlah, R., Idris, N., Dammang, R.B., Jamar, D.A., Sarahadi, E., & Arjan, R.A. (2024). On paired sample t-test: applications, examples and limita-tions. Ignatian International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 2(4). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987546.
Tan-Espinar, M. J. F. & Ballado, R. S. (2016). Content validity and acceptability of a de-veloped worktext in Basic Mathematics 2. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(1), 72-84.
Tety, J. L. (2016). Role of Instructional Materi-als in Academic Performance in Commu-nity Secondary Schools in Rombo Dis-trict”." PhD diss., The Open University of Tanzania, 2016.
Tileston, K., van Niekerk, M., Maryse B., Atanda, A., Goldstein, R., Gantsoudes, G., Carter, C., & Christino, Melissa A. "Sys-tem-level interventions for addressing burnout and improving professional wellness for orthopaedic surgeons", no. 1 (2023): 620.
Wakefield, D, Talbert, B.A., & Pense, S.(nd).a descriptive study on the preparation of student teachers to work with diverse populations. https://files01.cora.ac.uk.
Yuningsih, R., Soniati, S., Sari, M. & Nur-hasanah N. (2020). The Influence of Tra-ditional Bakiak Game on Gross Motor Skills in Early Childhood." Journal of Is-lamic Education Students (JIES) 3, no. 2 (2023): 157-165. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jies.v3i2.11011.
Zalun, J. G. (2023). The teachers’ utilization of the most essential learning competencies (MELCS) and its relation to the learning development of grade six pupils in a pub-lic school in the Philippines: Basis for a proposed program.". DOI. 10.11594/ijmaber.04.06.15.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Annile Presbitero-Brazal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See the Effect of Open Access).
