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Jun 23, 2025
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Abstract
This study evaluates the effectiveness, availability, and efficiency of information and communications technology (ICT) resources onboard Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) vessels to support maritime search and rescue (SAR) operations. It focuses on key ICT components, including data management platforms, navigation tools, communication systems, and human resource capacity.
A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative analysis across different vessel categories with qualitative data from in-depth interviews. Interviews with vessel Commanding Officers and CASB holders provided deeper insight into operational challenges and system limitations.
Findings highlight several critical issues: outdated or insufficient ICT equipment, inconsistent connectivity in remote maritime areas, inadequate training on ICT utilization, and the absence of standardized system protocols. Despite these challenges, personnel demonstrated strong appreciation for technological improvements and a clear understanding of ICT’s importance in mission success
To enhance the PCG’s SAR capabilities, the study recommends upgrading onboard ICT systems, establishing standardized operating procedures, and strengthening technical training. Ultimately, improving ICT infrastructure and personnel readiness is essential to boosting response effectiveness and ensuring the safety of lives and property during maritime emergencies.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Cacao, L. M. (2025). Assessment of ICT Resources onboard PCG vessels for Maritime Search and Rescue Operations. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 6(6), 2911-2927. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.06.06.22
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Toward a Theory of Digital Transformation https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307210631_Toward_a_Theory_of_Digital_Transformation?fbclid=IwAR1SKL86bi_tZa-R85F4m07_xTk2GwIIaw-2X3SU2LEjL2irBXp04Tb7wKk
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Yamashita, K., & Tanaka, H. (2018). The im-plementation of e-Navigation systems in Japan's Coast Guard: Impacts on SAR op-erations. International Journal of Mari-time Science and Technology, 7(1), 22–35.
“Maritime Search and Rescue Missions with Aerial Images: A Survey” Authors: Juan P. Martinez Esteso et al. (2024) Indexed in Scopus.
Authors: Maurantonio Caprolu et al. (2020) “Vessels cybersecurity: issues, challenges, and the road ahead” Listed in Web of Science and Scopus.
Authors: Priyanga Rajaram, Mark Goh, Jianying Zhou (2022) “Guidelines for cyber risk management in shipboard op-erational technology systems” Indexed in Scopus and often cited in maritime ICT governance litera-tu-re. researchgate.net+1sciencedirect.com+1
Authors: Xiao Zhou, Liang Cheng, Kaifu Min, Xiaoyi Zuo, Zhaojin Yan, Xiaoguang Ruan, Sensen Chu, Manchun Li (2019) “A framework for assessing the capability of maritime search and rescue in the south China sea” Published in a peer reviewed journal (indexed in Scopus and WoS).arxiv.org+6sciencedirect.com+6researchgate.net+6
Boatus.org. “Marine Communication”. (n.d)
Coast Guard’s new Science and Technology Innovation Center to Enhance Mission Ef-fectiveness through Innovation https://www.militaryspot.com/news/coast-guards-new-science-technology-innovation-center-enhance-mission-effectiveness-innovation
Conceptualizing the innovation process to-wards the ‘active innovation paradigm. https://innovation-entrepreneur-ship.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13731-016-0042-z
Convention on International Maritime Organi-zation (IMO)
Cruz, J. M., & Cruz, A. P. (2021). Integration of ICT in Philippine maritime disaster re-sponse. Journal of Maritime Affairs and Technology, 12(2), 45–58.
Digital Communications and Information Sys-tems https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311518261_Digital_Communications_and_Information_Systems
Domingo, L. R., & Santos, M. G. (2020). Evalu-ating ICT competence of maritime per-sonnel in the Philippines. Asia-Pacific Maritime Education Journal, 9(1), 17–29.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard
https://ncts.upd.edu.ph/tssp/wp-con-tent/uploads/2023/01/TSSP2022_02.pdf
https://www.naval-technology.com/analysis/revisiting-the-intelligent-ship/ Johnson, A., Schnappinger, C., et al. ,US Institute for Security Governance (ISG), “Philippine Coast Guard Communica-tions Assessment”, https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/slKr73d8ttlqSsQY, February 2023
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/communication-theory
Intal, Ponciano S. Jr., “Maritime Communica-tion Project, Phase 1”. (2002). Retrieved from
International Conventions: International Con-vention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SO-LAS). 1974 < https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspx>
International Maritime Organization. (2013). Report on the Costa Concordia in-cident and maritime SAR response strate-gies. IMO Publications.
Korcz, Karol. “Communication System for Safe-ty and Security of Ships”. (2016). Re-trieved from
Le Quy Don Technical University, Vietnam. Re-searching open source WebGIS technology in building software to support optimal search and rescue equipment.
Maritime Institute of Technology and Graduate School https://www.mitags.org/ict-impact-maritime-industry/ https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445272
Marsh, Peter. “United States Coast Guard Group/Station Operational Information System Proof of Concept Testbed Evalua-tion Report”. (1995). < https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA303172.pdf> 24 October 2023
mric.gov.ph/mric-primers/national-coast-watch-system/
Mu, Liping. “Information and Communication Technologies for Integrated Operations of Ships”. (2013). Retrieved from
Overview of the important innovation con-cepts and theories https://www.acceptmission.com/blog/innovation-concepts-and-theories/
Philippine Maritime Strategy https://marina.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Philippine-Maritime-Strategy-on-the-Implementation-and-Enforcement-of-Relevant-IMO-Instruments-2020-2024.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2ifTjZ8B4SdmhdMDys_E6d9zjmec3_8CjwaiTRvjVNLDoWYluDyZbmusY
Rouse, Margaret. “Information and Communi-cation Technology”. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24152/information-and-communications-technology-ict
S. Campbell, W. Naeem, and G. W. Irwin, “A review on improving the autonomy of unmanned surface vehicles through intel-ligent collision avoidance manoeuvres,” Annual Reviews in Control, Dec. 2012. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367578812000430
The framework was originally developed by the Russian psychologist Aleksei Leontiev (footnote 1) (Leontiev 1978; Leontiev 1981). A version of activity theory, based on Leontiev’s framework, was proposed in the 1980s by the Finnish educational researcher Yrjö Engeström (1987). https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/activity-theo-ry#:~:text=Activity%20theory%20is%20a%20conceptual,world%20(“objects”)
Toward a Theory of Digital Transformation https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307210631_Toward_a_Theory_of_Digital_Transformation?fbclid=IwAR1SKL86bi_tZa-R85F4m07_xTk2GwIIaw-2X3SU2LEjL2irBXp04Tb7wKk
Twenty-first- century innovation pathways for the US navy in the age of competition - James A. Russell file:///c:/users/manset/downloads/twenty-first centu-ry%20innovationof%20naval%20ships-1.pdf
Villanueva, R. S. (2019). Maritime ICT infra-structure in the Asia-Pacific region: Chal-lenges and opportunities. Maritime Tech-nology Review, 5(3), 62–74.
Yamashita, K., & Tanaka, H. (2018). The im-plementation of e-Navigation systems in Japan's Coast Guard: Impacts on SAR op-erations. International Journal of Mari-time Science and Technology, 7(1), 22–35.